School Psychology as a Career - 1579 Words

School Psychology Career paper Psychology 250 My subject of attention is school psychology and career choice is school psychology. I have researched this topic and found lots of valuable information to discuss. I will cover all aspects of this career including a definition of what it involves on a day to day basis, why I have chosen this career as my subject of interest, common personality characteristics and values that go along well with this job. I will also talk about the minimum requirements and educational path that must be followed for this career choice along with advancement opportunities. Lastly, I will discuss the leading companies in this area, local perspectives, and present outlooks and salaries that can be expected†¦show more content†¦Coursework along this path demands both education and psychology due to the nature of the work. There are mental health components and educational aspects. The masters degree in psychology requires at least two years of full-time graduate study and usually includes practical experience in an applied setting and a thesis based on personal research that is original. Getting accepted into graduate programs for psychology can be full of competition. School psychologists must meet credential and licensing requirements for individual states. These vary state by state. The licensing varies by type of position and is based on professional competence through training and experience. Some states require continuing education for renewal of licenses. According to Landrum and Davis (2009) â€Å"right now twenty-nine states recognize the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) designation on a national level† (p.73). Credentials transfer from state to state in this case and new credential exams do not have to be taken when moving from one of these states to another. Requirements for the NCSP include completion of sixty graduate semester hours in school psychology, a twelve hundred hour internship (six hundred hours in school sett ing), and a passing score on the National School Psychology exam. Psychologists can improve theirShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Psychology And Psychology1630 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology is a very broad field of study and requires a lot of research when choosing a career. The education that is required for pursuing a career in the field of psychology depends on the type of psychologist you want to be. Most psychology programs require at least a master s degree to pursue a psychologist career, but some may require a doctoral degree. It is important to know the educational requirements as well as state requirements when entering the field of psychology. Southwestern hasRead MoreExploring Psychology Careers Essay1100 Words   |  5 PagesExploring Psychology Careers Destiny Brotherton PSY 305 May 4, 2015 Dr. Jon Stern Exploring Psychology Careers Although there is an inordinate amount of diverse types and areas of specialization in psychology, such as Clinical Neuropsychology and School Psychology, the overall idea is the study and research of the human mind and behavior. Psychology is known to aid those who suffer from a variety of mental illnesses while also helping people to comprehend better the mind and how exactly theRead MoreThe World of Psychology Essay example620 Words   |  3 PagesWhy people do the things they do is a question people have been asking since the beginning of time. However, psychology first appeared in the 1870s. Psychology isn’t just an academic subject, its all around us. People use the principles of psychology everyday. For example, television commercials rely on psychology to persuade people to purchase the advertised product. Psychologists usually treat patients with a mental or emotional problem, but they also serve as scientists researching human behaviorRead MorePsychology, The Scient ific Study Of The Mind1476 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology, defined as the scientific study of the mind, is a very broad field with many career opportunities. Psychology is a fairly new field and has many job opportunities available for anyone wanting to make a career with a degree. There are therapy related jobs along with jobs that are not therapy related. Most psychologists wanting a job that is therapy related need a master’s degree or doctoral, however ones who do not pursue a job with therapy obtain a bachelor’s or master’s. The averageRead MoreCareer And Interest Self Assessment Results935 Words   |  4 PagesSelf Assessment I. Career and Interest Self-assessment Results This self-assessment test was something that narrowed down possible interest and helped the participants open their mind to new careers. In-fact when I finished my test I was able to view the different careers that feel in my interest category. Taking a survey and calculating the different likes each field had accumulated determined my test outcome. After gathering the likes that had accumulated I was able to determine which inventoryRead MoreCareer And Interest Self Assessment Results952 Words   |  4 PagesI. Career and Interest Self-assessment Results This self-assessment test was something that narrowed down possible interest and helped the participants open their mind to new careers. In-fact when I finished my test I was able to view the different careers that feel in my interest category. Taking a survey and calculating the different likes each field had accumulated determined my test outcome. After gathering the likes that had accumulated I was able to determine which inventory category was strongestRead MoreAiding The Future. Beginning At A Very Early Age, Children1692 Words   |  7 Pagesemotional disorder such as anxiety, schizophrenia, and depression, there is a need for trained professionals in school settings to help identify these problems early on in students and guide them on the right path to success and achievement. In order to meet this need, elementary school psychologists work to better the lives of those struggling with behavioral problems. Elementary school psychologists communicate with teachers, staff, and pupils to identify children who are at risk of prolonged developmentRead MorePersonal Essay : Personal Development Career855 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal development Career Essay. S12770420 Obtaining a degree in psychology can open a very diverse path in both the arts and science fields and can form a flexible and adjustable basis for a wide number of careers. After obtaining a psychology degree, you can enter into a non-chartered career, which includes teaching, counselling, human resources and careers advisors. Further study can lead to obtaining a Graduate Basis for Chartered Membership (GBC) and becoming a chartered psychologist, whichRead MoreMy Career As A Teacher924 Words   |  4 Pagesseveral times about which career to pursue. As a young child I imagined becoming a teacher. I loved helping others learn and discovering new ways to explain ideas. As a teenager I hoped to become a scientist so I could interpret new phenomena through research. The summer before my freshman year of college I bought an old psychology textbook at a bargain bookstore and knew I wanted to be a psychologist after reading the first chapter. 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Psychology Generalization and Discrimination Free Essays

fig. 1. Stimulus generalization gradient for subjects that were trained to identify the target length which is of 75 as the dimension of length and were tested in the presence of the other dimensions of length. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology Generalization and Discrimination or any similar topic only for you Order Now fig. 2. Effect of intradimensional discrimination training on stimulus control. Subjects received discrimination training in which the S- was 85 as the dimension of length, keeping the S+ 75 as the dimension of length. 2 . In Figure 1, it shows the comparison of the stimulus generalization gradients of two different subject groups, between the class average and me as an individual. To commence with, lets talk about the curve representing the class mean. The shape of the graph is basically symmetrical between 55 and 80, which these numbers are the indication of the length of the line presented. Though 75 is the target length, the highest rate of response occurred in response to the length of 65 and 70, both encountering 100% of responses. The subjects also made substantial numbers of responses when length of 60 and 75 were tested. However, when length of 55 and 80 were tested, response rates decreased quite dramatically, only 20% of the total responses were recorded, making the graph a bell-shaped one. As for length of 85 or above, no responses were detected. For the curve representing my own result, it is more or less a symmetrical graph as well. The highest rate of response occurred in response to the original length of 75. Once again, substantial numbers of responses were also detected when length of 70 and 80 were tested. Yet there is a huge decrement of response for much shorter or longer lengths (i. e. , 55-65 and 85-95), no responses were detected. These two curves both serve to indicate the phenomenon of stimulus generalization, though the individual result better explains it. The peak of response rate lies on or around (for the class mean) the target length,75. But quite a similar percentage of total responses were also made to the lengths around the target one, this indicates that responding generalized to the 70 or even 65 and 80 stimuli, therefore a gentle gradient could be plotted. On the other hand, as the length of the test stimuli became increasingly different from the target length, progressively fewer responses occurred. It is because the difference between the tested length and the target length was significant enough to be recognized and differentiated, thus quite a ramatic decrement of responses occurred when a comparatively very short or very long line were tested. The results shown a gradient of responding as a function of how similar each test stimulus was to the original training stimulus (target). One reason for not having the highest percentage of responses at 75 for the class statistics would be because it was reflecting the class avera ge responses and there might be out-lyers whose results affected the norm. Stimulus generalization gradients provided precise information about how much a stimulus has to be changed to produce a change in behavior. A gentle slope shows the variation in the stimulus is not significant enough to produce a respond to the variation while a steep slope shows the variation in the stimulus is large enough for the subjects to respond to it. In Figure 2, it shows the comparison of the intradimensional discrimination gradients of the two subject groups (me as an individual and the class average). To commence with, I will first talk about the curve representing the class mean. The shape of the curve is asymmetrical, with the highest percentage of response again occurred in response to the length of 65 and 70, achieving 100% responses. But this time, once the length increased gradually from 70, the percentage of response decreased steadily until it reached 0% when the length of 85, which is the S- (discriminative stimulus), is tested. Although the target length was again, 75, there is a counterintuitive phenomenon known as the peak-shift effect to explain the peak of response lying on 65 and 70 instead of 75. Quite high percentages of response were occurred when 75, the target length was presented. Yet the percentage of responses was higher to 65 and 70 than to 75. This shift of the peak responding away from the original S+ is recognizable after discrimination training with the length of 85 as S-. This shift of the peak has an explanation other than the generalization. During the earlier phase of discrimination training, responding was never reinforced in the presence of the 65 and 70 stimuli. However, because the target stimulus and the discriminative stimulus are similar in intradimensional discriminative tasks, the generalization gradients of excitation and inhibition will overlap. This is due to the inhibitory response learnt when S- is presented in the discriminatory training. Moreover, the degree of overlap will depend on the degree of similarity between S+ and S-. Since then, generalized inhibition from S- will suppress responding to S+ resulting this peak-shift effect. As for the curve representing my own result, the graph is more or less like symmetrical, with the peak occurring at the length of 75. The percentage of response increased significantly from the length of line varies from 65 to 70, creating a steep slope. For lines which differed from the target length comparatively much, like 55-65 and those above 90, no response were made, therefore 0% of the total response were recorded. Though I have also gone through the discrimination training, the absence of peak-shift effect may be due to individual difference, or insufficient training, therefore I still responded most to the S+ stimulus (target length,75) and responded progressively less as the length of the test stimuli deviated from the S+ stimulus. How to cite Psychology Generalization and Discrimination, Papers

An Inspector Calls Issues and Priestlys Viewpo Essay Example For Students

An Inspector Calls: Issues and Priestlys Viewpo Essay An Inspector Calls: Issues and Priestlys ViewpointAn Inspector Calls: Issues and Priestlys Viewpoint22nd March 1997Martin Howitt 11WDiscuss some of the issues raised in An Inspector Calls and show how Priestlyexpresses his own viewpoint in the play. The play is set in the 1912 on an English street scene in the evening. The plot of An Inspector Calls is about a police inspector who interrupts anelegant engagement dinner party to question the family and their guests about anunsuspected suicide of a young working-class girl called Eva Smith. There aremany plot twists and changes which work well with the characters portrayed inPriestleys play. The play is set in an upper-class household where classdistinctions are breaking down, where privilege and responsibility are beingchallenged by a devious so-called inspector Goole. The Inspector does a good job of making the family and friends of Mr Birling, (awealthy factory owner) feel very guilty for contributing towards the death ofEva-Smith who also becomes known as Daisy Renton during the play. But Moralguilt is not the major issue put forward in the play. The major issue is that ofhow class-conscious England has been put forward in the play and how theCapitalists and Socialists are shown. Birling is a ruthless industrialist whoworked extremely hard to make his money, and when he finally reaches the top hiswealth and popularity is threatened by a suicide scandal. The characters are a mixture of Capitalists and Socialists, Mr Birling being aself made upper-class Capitalist, his wife also has great belief in the familyname, and works hard to keep a good reputation for herself and her family. Thesecretive but most sympathetic of the Birlings is Eric their son, who has agreat deal to do with the Suicide of Eva Smith. Erics sister is Sheila who getson well with Eric but seems rather spoilt. Another key member in the play isSheilas fiance Gerald Croft who is another wealthy industrialist, althoughGerald has inherited his wealth unlike Birling. Each of these people in turn is implicated in Eva Smiths death. Priestley putshis hope and his beliefs in Sheila and Eric, whose consciences have not yetbeen destroyed by their rich mother and father. Priestlys modern equal class-consciousness is in evidence too, and a goodexample to show how the class difference really matters in Birlings householdis how the Birlings treat the maid. She is always there for the family, forexample during the late evening the family make reference to her when Geraldreturns from his stroll. Mr Birling in a state of distress is angered when thedoorbell rings and is extremely annoyed that he may have to answer the door. Butthe cold hearted Mrs Birling had told Edna to wait until the inspector had leftjust so that she could make the family a pot of tea. Mrs Birling- No dont go I told Edna to wait up to make us some teaWhen Edna returned with Gerald she was shown no gratitude. They show no respectfor her. But just when you think the drama will end, it delivers further surprises. Theplay becomes more interesting and clear as it goes on, As the characters becomedrawn into manipulative control of the inspector and are forced out of theirupper-class shells. As the story continues Priestly shows how Capitalists can use their wealth overthe Poor working-class people like Eva Smith, all of these incidents lead toEvas suicide, the first issue being when Birling sacks Eva because she askedfor a pay rise. Birling sacks her to be made an example of and to show that heis not willing to share a few pence of his wealth with the lower-class. Duringthe whole play Priestly writes so that you feel sympathetic towards Eva, he doesthis to make you feel sorry, not just for Eva but for all of the working-classpeople of England during that period in time. .ua1e8447933a71ecf4ff4fb2951d0f400 , .ua1e8447933a71ecf4ff4fb2951d0f400 .postImageUrl , .ua1e8447933a71ecf4ff4fb2951d0f400 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua1e8447933a71ecf4ff4fb2951d0f400 , .ua1e8447933a71ecf4ff4fb2951d0f400:hover , .ua1e8447933a71ecf4ff4fb2951d0f400:visited , .ua1e8447933a71ecf4ff4fb2951d0f400:active { border:0!important; } .ua1e8447933a71ecf4ff4fb2951d0f400 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua1e8447933a71ecf4ff4fb2951d0f400 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua1e8447933a71ecf4ff4fb2951d0f400:active , .ua1e8447933a71ecf4ff4fb2951d0f400:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua1e8447933a71ecf4ff4fb2951d0f400 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua1e8447933a71ecf4ff4fb2951d0f400 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua1e8447933a71ecf4ff4fb2951d0f400 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua1e8447933a71ecf4ff4fb2951d0f400 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua1e8447933a71ecf4ff4fb2951d0f400:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua1e8447933a71ecf4ff4fb2951d0f400 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua1e8447933a71ecf4ff4fb2951d0f400 .ua1e8447933a71ecf4ff4fb2951d0f400-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua1e8447933a71ecf4ff4fb2951d0f400:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Overcoming Marital Conflict EssayPriestly is a strong Socialist and shows this by portraying the Birlings as aruthless family. Priestly cleverly uses Eric and Gerald in the play, as theyboth sleep with Eva Smith, thus causing a family discrase because they had beenwith someone from a lower-class. Which although now would not even be thought of,but in 1912 scandal and discrase would have been brought on to any family in theBirlings situation. I think that because maybe Priestly despises the capitalists a little he makesfun of the Birling family, a good of example of this is how Mrs Birling decidesto blame somebody other than her family for the whole suicide, she blames it onthe father of Evas child. This made her feel good about herself until she foundout that Eric her son was the father of the child therefore making her thegrandmother of the child. So after all Mrs Birling only brought more shame ontothe family. Mrs Birling- I blame the young man who was the father of the child she wasgoing to have, if as she said, he didnt belong to her class, and was somedrunken young idler, then thats all the more reason why he shouldnt escape.Notice how Mrs Birling makes reference to classes herself, she totally blamesthe young man until she finds out that he is her son, then she sees things in adifferent way. I think the most important speech in the whole play is as follows:Inspector- Just remember this. One Eva Smith has gone but there are millionsand millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths still left with us, withtheir lives, their hopes and fears, their suffering and chance of happiness, allintertwined with our lives, with what we think, say, and do. We dont live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other. And I tell youthat the time will soon come when, if men will not that lesson, then they willbe taught it in fire and blood and anguish. Good Night.I think that the speech sums up all of Priestlys views he uses the Inspector totry and get the message across to all of mankind about how we should learn howto live equally and if we do not then the world will be a painful place formillions of lower-class people like Eva Smith. He uses the abrupt ending to makethe reader think about the situation. I think that J.B. Priestly had very strong views about equal rights and he usesthe characters very well to get across his viewpoint all over the world. English

The World Communicates-Physics Essay Example

The World Communicates-Physics Paper The wave model can be used to explain how current technologies transfer information. Describe the energy transformations required in one of the following: * Mobile Telephone Mobile telephones have built in microphones that changes sound waves ib Describe waves as a transfer of energy disturbance that may occur in one, two or three dimensions, depending on the nature of the wave and the medium Identify that mechanical waves require a medium for propagation while electromagnetic waves do not Mechanical: Requires a medium for propagation (ie. Travel through) Eg. Sound Waves, Water Waves, Waves in a string .. Electromagnetic: Do not require a medium for propagation (ie. EM Waves can pass through a vacuum) Eg. Light, Infrared, UV, X rays, Gamma Rays, Radio waves, Microwaves .. Define and apply the following terms of the wave model: Medium, displacement, amplitude, period, compression, rarefaction, crest, trough, transverse waves, longitudinal waves, frequency, wavelength velocity. Describe the relationship between particle motion and the direction of energy propagation in transverse and longitudinal waves Quantify the relationship between velocity, frequency and wavelength v=f? Where v = velocity, f = frequency ? = wavelength (lambda) Features of a wave model can be used to account for the properties of sound. Identify that sound waves are vibrations or oscillations of particles in a medium Relate compressions and rarefactions of sound waves to the crests and troughs of transverse waves used to represent them Explain qualitatively that pitch is related to frequency and volume to amplitude of sound waves Explain an echo as a reflection of a sound wave Describe the principle of superposition and compare the resulting waves to the original waves in sound We will write a custom essay sample on The World Communicates-Physics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The World Communicates-Physics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The World Communicates-Physics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The World Communicates-Physics The World Communicates-Physics The World Communicates-Physics

How to Cite a Newspaper Article in Vancouver Referencing

How to Cite a Newspaper Article in Vancouver Referencing How to Cite a Newspaper Article in Vancouver Referencing Even in an era of fake news, you can’t get away with fake referencing. Thus, if you need to cite a newspaper article in your work, make sure you know how to do it properly. In this post, for example, we’re looking at how to cite a newspaper article in Vancouver referencing. How to Cite a Newspaper Article in the Main Text When citing a newspaper article in Vancouver referencing, the basic citation format is the same as for any other source. This means using numbers in brackets to indicate a citation, typically after final punctuation: The Shonky Awards highlight problematic products. (1) These bracketed numbers point to an entry in the reference list at the end of the document, with sources numbered in the order they are first cited. Above, for example, we’d be citing the first entry in the reference list (which would also be the first source cited in the document). The main variations on this format are as follows: You can cite sources mid-sentence when an author is named in the text. You should include page numbers when quoting a source directly. We can see both variations in the following passage: A report by Clun (1) on the Shonky Awards sheds light on current consumer culture. These awards publicize brands, products and companies that are â€Å"taking advantage of Australian consumers† (1: p. 84). Here, we give the first citation immediately after the author’s surname. And in the second citation, we show that we’ve quoted page 84 of the newspaper. Newspaper Articles in the Reference List The general format for a print newspaper article in your reference list is: (Citation Number) Author Surname and Initial(s). Title of article. Title of Newspaper: Section. Year Month Day: Page number(s). Typically, you would also abbreviate the month here (e.g., â€Å"October† would become â€Å"Oct†). In practice, then, a reference might look like this: (1) Clun R. Choice awards Shonky to Commonwealth Bank’s Dollarmite program. Sydney Morning Herald: Business. 2018 Oct 4: 84-85. The format is mostly the same for an online article, but you should include: A date of citation (i.e., when you last accessed the article) followed by the words â€Å"cited in† in square brackets after the date of publication. A URL for the article instead of page numbers. This should be placed after a full stop and the words â€Å"Available from.† We would therefore list an online version of the article above like this: (1) Clun R. Choice awards Shonky to Commonwealth Bank’s Dollarmite program. Sydney Morning Herald: Business. 2018 Oct 4 [cited 2018 Nov 25]. Available from: https://www.smh.com.au/business/consumer-affairs/choice-awards-shonky-to-commonweath-bank-s-dollarmite-program-20181004-p507nv.html Vancouver Variations You can use the format above to cite a newspaper article. However, there are many versions of Vancouver referencing. You should therefore check your university’s style guide (if available) for their preferred reference format. If you do not have a style guide, simply apply a clear and consistent referencing style throughout your document.

Sultans of the Swahili Culture

Sultans of the Swahili Culture The Kilwa Chronicle is the name of a collected genealogy of the sultans who ruled the Swahili culture from Kilwa. Two texts, one in Arabic and one in Portuguese, were written in the early 1500s, and together they provide a glimpse into the history of the Swahili coast, with particular emphasis on that of Kilwa Kisiwani and its sultans of the Shirazi dynasty. Archaeological excavations at Kilwa and elsewhere have led to a reappraisal of these documents, and it is clear that, as is typical with historical records, the texts are not to be completely trusted as both versions were written or edited with political intent. Regardless of what we today consider the reliability of the documents, they were used as manifestos, created from oral traditions by rulers who followed the Shirazi dynasty to legitimize their authority. Scholars have come to recognize the chronicles semi-mythical aspect, and the Bantu roots of the Swahili language and culture have become less clouded by the Persian mythologies. Kitab al-Sulwa The Arabic version of the Kilwa chronicle  called Kitab al-Sulwa, is a manuscript currently housed in the British Museum. According to Saad (1979), it was compiled by an unknown author about 1520. According to its introduction, the Kitab consists of a rough draft of seven chapters of a proposed ten chapter book. Notations in the margins of the manuscript indicate that its author was still conducting research. Some of the omissions refer to a controversial mid-14th-century document which may have been censored prior to reaching its unknown author. The original manuscript ends abruptly in the middle of the seventh chapter, with the notation here ends what I found. The Portuguese Account The Portuguese document was also prepared by an unknown author, and the text was supplemented by the Portuguese historian Joao de Barros [1496-1570] in 1550. According to Saad (1979), the Portuguese account was likely collected and provided to the Portuguese government during their occupation of Kilwa between 1505 and 1512. Compared to the Arabic version, the genealogy in the Portuguese account purposefully obscures the royal ancestry of Ibrahim bin Sulaiman, a political opponent of the Portuguese-backed sultan at the time. The ploy failed, and the Portuguese were forced to leave Kilwa in 1512. Saad believed that the genealogy at the heart of both manuscripts might have been begun as early as the first rulers of the Mahdali dynasty, circa 1300. Inside the Chronicle The traditional legend for the rise of the Swahili culture comes from the Kilwa Chronicle, which states that the Kilwa state rose as a result of an influx of Persian sultans who entered Kilwa in the 10th century. Chittick (1968) revised the entry date to about 200 years later, and most scholars today are of the opinion that immigration from Persia is overstated. The Chronicle (as described in Elkiss) includes an origins legend that describes emigration of the sultans of Shiraz into the Swahili coast and their founding of Kilwa. The Arabic version of the chronicle describes the first sultan of Kilwa, Ali ibn Hasan, as a Shiraz prince who with his six sons left Persia for east Africa because he had dreamed that his country was about to fall. Ali decided to establish his new state on the island of Kilwa Kisiwani  and purchased the island from the African king who lived there. The chronicles say Ali fortified Kilwa and increased the flow of trade to the island, expanding Kilwa by capturing the adjacent island of Mafia. The sultan was advised by councils of princes, elders, and members of the ruling house, likely controlling the religious and military offices of the state. Shirazi Successors Alis descendants had varied success, say the chronicles: some were deposed, one beheaded, and one thrown down a well. The sultans discovered the gold trade from Sofala by accident (a lost fisherman ran across a merchant ship bearing gold, and related the story when he returned home). Kilwa combined force and diplomacy to take over the port at Sofala and began charging exorbitant​ custom duties on all comers. From those profits, Kilwa began constructing its stone architecture. By now, in the 12th century (according to the chronicles), Kilwas political structure included the sultan and the royal family, an emir (military leader), a wazir (prime minister), a muhtasib (police chief), and a kadhi (chief justice); minor functionaries included resident governors, tax collectors, and official auditors. Sultans of Kilwa The following is a list of Shiraz dynasty sultans, according to the Arabic version of the Kilwa Chronicle as published in Chittick (1965). al-Hasan bin Ali, 1st Sultan of Shiraz (before 957)Ali bin Bashat (996-999)Daud bin Ali (999-1003)Khalid bin Bakr (1003-1005)al-Hasan bin Sulaiman bin Ali (1005-1017)Muhammad bin al-Husain al-Mandhir (1017-1029)al-Hasan bin Sulaiman bin Ali (1029-1042)al bin Daud (1042-1100)al bin Daud (1100-1106)al-Hasan bin Daud bin Ali (1106-1129)al-Hasan bin Talut (1277-1294)Daud bin Sulaiman (1308-1310)al-Hasan bin Sulaiman al-Matun bin al-Hasan bin Talut (1310-1333)Daud bin Sulaiman (1333-1356)al-Husain bin Sulaiman (1356-1362)Talut bin al-Husain (1362-1364)al-Husain bin Sulaiman (1412-1421)Sulaiman bin Muhammad al-Malik al-Adil (1421-1442) Chittick (1965) was of the opinion that the dates in the Kilwa chronicle were too early, and the. Shirazi dynasty began no earlier than the late 12th century. A hoard of coins found at Mtambwe. Mkuu have provided support for the start of the Shirazi dynasty as the 11th century. Other Evidence The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea (Periplus Maris Erythrae) 40 AD, a travel guide written by an unnamed Greek sailor, mentioned visiting the eastern coast of Africa. The Islamic biographer and geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi [1179-1229], wrote about Mogadishu in the 13th century, describing it as a frontier between Barbar and Zanj, visited Zanzibar and Pemba islands. The Moroccan scholar Ibn Battuta visited in 1331, and, 20 years later wrote a memoir including this visit. He describes Mogadishu, Kilwa, and Mombasa. Sources Chittick HN. 1965. The Shirazi Colonization of East Africa. Journal of African History 6(3):275-294. Chittick HN. 1968. Ibn Battuta and east Africa. Journal de la Socià ©tà © des Africanistes 38:239-241. Elkiss TH. 1973. Kilwa Kisiwani: The Rise of an East African City-State. African Studies Review 16(1):119-130. Saad E. 1979. Kilwa Dynastic Historiography: A Critical Study. History in Africa 6:177-207. Wynne-Jones S. 2007. Creating urban communities at Kilwa Kisiwani, Tanzania, AD 800-1300. Antiquity 81:368-380.

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Business Ethics - Essay Example The organization is headquartered at Canary Wharf, London, United Kingdom. HSBC Holdings Plc was founded by Sir Thomas Sutherland in the year 1865. Officially HSBC Holdings Plc was established during the year 1991. Forbes magazine has announced HSBC as 6th largest publicly traded organization. Intraday market capitalization of the company is $122.65 billion (Yahoo Finance, 2012). Product & Service Mix HSBC focuses on delivering various services like investment banking services, retail banking services, global private banking and wealth management. The company has emerged as one of the leading banking service provider internationally. Company products comprises of long term and short term loans, current and savings account, insurance schemes, credit cards, fixed deposits and advisory services. Brief SWOT Analysis Strength Weakness The bank has established global scale operation and prolonged international network. The company has created strong cash reserve ratio which helps them to d iversify business operation HSBC has reduced volatility of cash flow by using diversified revenue mix. Strong financial muscles of HSBC have helped them to create sustainable corporate strategy. The bank has experienced not only asset quality deterioration but profit margin shrinkage also. Market capitalization of HSBC has declined due to poor performance of SBUs. HSBC has low control over unlawful activities like money laundering in the currency trading process Opportunities Threat HSBC has the opportunity to increase enterprise value by controlling existing portfolio. HSBC can expand business in emerging market such as Asia and Latin America. They can increase market share by focusing on low interest mortgage business. Entering emerging market will not be easy for HSBC due to strict regulatory framework of countries like India (Reserve bank of India) and China. Retail deposit might increase funding cost for HSBC in near future (Source: HSBC, 2011) Business Ethics Business ethics h as evolved as a significant management concern for organizations in present time. Many organizations in USA have understood the importance of business ethics and have therefore designed ethical assistance lines for employees to report business and ethical concern to top level management. Following diagram can be used to understand importance of ethical assistance lines for organizations. (Source: Ferrell, Fraedrich, and Ferrell, 2012, p.222) Academic scholars have dissected business ethics into two parts like Descriptive Business Ethics (morality of a business is justified by ethical rules for fair trade policy in this model) and Normative Business Ethics (this is a supportive model which specifies after work required decreasing or discouraging unfair trade practices). Business ethics covers variety of issues like political situation, legal framework of the system, economic responsibility and moral values of business organization (Brenkert, 2004, p. 188). Research scholars have poin ted out that business ethics can work in multidimensional manner in order to fulfil various organizational issues. Hooker has underpinned following guidelines for business ethics. Organizations need to establish a transparent and fair incentive and remuneration structure for top level executives. Organizations need to follow government rule in order to discourage stakeholders from doing illegal activities Leading companies should encourage healthy competition by allowing small firms to enter in business environment.

Terrorism and Its Indirect Victims Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Terrorism and Its Indirect Victims - Essay Example Of course, we can't forget the many police, firefighters, and other people on the streets who were buried in rubble or hit with falling bricks or other types of debris. All of these describe the direct victims are a terrorist attack, those who were killed or maimed. In the bombing of the Oklahoma City Federal Building, we find many direct victims as well, though these numbers were nowhere near the thousands who lost their lives when the two planes crashed into the World Trade Center Twin Towers. It is not difficult to understand and visualize these victims and what the direct effect was on them from these attacks. These are the direct victims; those who suffered death or severe injury from a terrorist attack. On the other end of the scope, there are the indirect victims. Who or what are these indirect victims The first one that comes to mind for anyone is the families of the direct victims: wives, children, parents, other relatives, and friends. These are the ones who suffer, being without a loved one on which they depended either emotionally or financially. Additionally, according to a review published October 4, 2001 by InView (http://www.newss.ksu.edu/WEB/News/InView/100401terrorism.html), the psychological effects of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center will last for quite a long time. "There will be a lot of people who will suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder. We saw it with the Oklahoma City bombing and those who were in Vietnam," Rappoport said. "Some people will not recover too well and the emotional damage will be permanent (Paragraph 5)." The indirect effects of terrorism can often be worse than the direct effects, The victim, if he or she survives, recovers from the physical injuries, but the emotional damage, a indirect result of the attack, is likely to continue for many years. For those victims who have lost their lives, as the many during the attacks on the World Trade Center, the psychological damage to their loved ones will continue for many years to come. The loved ones are going to have to continue without the presence of the person who was directly affected by the terrorist attack, and that is going to be a difficult task to accomplish. For the wives and children, the effects will be more long term because suddenly one woman must become both mother and father when her psychological well-being is not at its highest peak. The hardest part is that it's not going to go away like it does during an auto accident; these are events the family and children will face on a daily basis. It is likely that both the Oklaho ma City Bombings and the attacks on the World Trade Center are events that later generations will be reading in their Social Studies and History classes. What about the terrorists Can we classify them as victims as well Certainly, they are responsible for a horrendous act of violence, but at the same time, it may not always be of their own free will. An article from the April 2005 ChronWatch and published on the Internet (http://www.newss.ksu.edu/WEB/News/InView/100401terrorism.html, "Why Good Muslims Become Terrorists") explains the effect that a belief in Islam has on its people. These excerpts from the original article written by Ali Sina explains that it is not the Muslims

The Nature of Nursing Practice Essay Example for Free

The Nature of Nursing Practice Essay Nursing practice, like medicine, is also governed with ethical principles by which they are expected to perform their duties. Indeed, the moral sense of their duty lies with in this context of ethical considerations which according to Anne Bishop and John Scudder is â€Å"to lift out the moral significance of their practice and to develop facility in understanding how to fulfill the moral imperatives in their practice† (2001, p. 13) Bishop and Scudder contends that the moral issue in nursing ethics â€Å"concern with relationship of good in the sense of attentive, efficient, and effective with good in the personal sense† (2001, p. 19). It means of understanding the ways of the practice of nursing and employing them to foster welfare of the patient. Graham Rumbold in his book, Ethics in Nursing, pointed out that nursing evolves as a distinct profession from a medicine. He said, â€Å"Nurses no longer see themselves as handmaidens to the doctor but, at the very least, partners in care and at best practitioners in their own right† (Rumbold 1999, p. 9) Patricia Cronin and Karen Rawlings-Anderson citing Pierson (1999) pointed out that nursing practice, education and research has been significantly influenced by Cartesian philosophy. They state, â€Å"Nursing using the conventions of Cartesian philosophy would be able to describe, explain, predict, and control the phenomena of concern in nursing practice† (Cronin Anderson 2004, p. 10). Regarding the practice of nursing, William Cody pointed out that the nurse â€Å"is obligated to practice in such a way that seeks to avoid harm and to benefit the patient† (2006, p. 139). Cody said good nursing is more than a cluster of technique in that it involves a commitment to a moral end and is directed and judge by the end. George Khushf emphasized that nursing practice must be governed by ethical behavior and described the good nurse as â€Å"an individual who was virtuous and who followed certain rules in caring for the sick† (Khushf 2004, p. 490). Khushf pointed out that the ethical behaviors that were expected of the nurse, included loyalty, modesty, trustworthiness, obedience, promptness, quietness, cheerfulness, and deference to authority figure (2004, p. 490). Louise Rebraca Shives that the ANA or the American Nurses Association identified four primary principles to guide ethical decisions; â€Å"The client’s right to autonomy, the client’s right to beneficence, (doing good by the nurse), the client’s right to veracity (honesty and truth by the nurse), and the ethical principle4s of fidelity or the nurse faithful duties, obligations, and promises when providing care† (Shives 2006, p. 52) But nurses’ responsibility extends beyond their hospital duties. Sarah T. Fry argued, â€Å"Practicing nurses are also responsible for working within the professional organization to establish and maintain equitable social and economic working conditions in cursing† (Fry 2002, p. 136). Fry stressed that nurse collaborates with co-workers in bringing social and economic concerns to the awareness of employers and the members of the community, even if this means to participate in organized labor demonstration. Despite of the importance of the nursing practice in hospitals, nurses may also be at great risk of being sued if one appears oblivious or unresponsive to the needs of the patient, the family, or both.   Charles Sharpe pointed out, â€Å"The practitioner who attempt to care too much† (1999, p. 42). He emphasized that the conscientious, dedicated nurse who oversteps the limits of his clinical skills, training, and professional knowledge in providing what may well be meticulous care, places him or her self and the patient in jeopardy (Sharpe 1999, p. 42). Susan Westrick Killion and Katherine Dempski stressed that â€Å"when a nurse’s professional negligence rises to the level of reckless disregard for human life the nurse may face criminal charges of negligent homicide or manslaughter† (2006, p. 9). Work cited Bishop, AH Scudder, JR 2001, Nursing Ethics: Holistic Caring Practice, Jones Bartlett Publisher, Massachusetts, USA. Cody, W 2006, Philosophical and Theoretical Perspectives for Advanced Practice, Jones and Bartlett Publisher, Massachuserrs, USA. Cronin, P Anderson KR 2004, Knowledge for Contemporary Nursing Practice, Elsevier Limited, London, UK. Fry, St 2002, Ethics in Nursing Practice: A Guide To Ethical Decision Making, Blackwell Publishing Company, Oxford, UK. Khusf, G 2004, Handbook Of Bioethics: Taking Stock of the Field From a Philosophical Perspective, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Massachusetts, USA. Killion, SW Dempski K 2006, Quick Look Nursing: Legal and Ethical Issues, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Massachusetts, USA. Rumbold, G 1999, Ethics in Nursing Practice, Elsevier Limited, Philadelphia, USA.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sharpe, C 1999, Nursing Malpractice: Liability and Risk Management, Green Wood Publishing Group, USA. Shives, LR 2006, Basic Concepts of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA.

Kinos Emotions in Steinbeck’s Novel, The Pearl Essay -- Character Anal

A small twist of fate can destroy the life of an individual. Kino, a Mexican, pearl diver, is in desperate need of help when his baby, Coyotito, is stung by a scorpion. Kino feels his only hope is to find a pearl beautiful enough to sell. His dream comes true when he discovers a magnificent pearl one morning. At first the discovery of the pearl can be looked upon as not only a miracle but also a life saver. Throughout the novel it becomes apparent the pearl is no where close to a miracle. Kino’s life becomes a struggle with many decisions that have to be made. In Steinbeck’s novel, The Pearl, the power of the pearl relates to Kino’s emotions. Kino is hopeful in the beginning of the novel, and the power of the pearl is purely good. When he finds the â€Å"Pearl of the World† he begins to think his luck has turned for the better. Coyotito appears to be healed and Kino decides he will keep the money from the pearl for his family, but when they return to the doctor he advises Kino and his wife, Juana, to have the baby treated. The baby is treated and they plan to pay the doctor t...

Ralph Ellison’s essay “An Extravagance of Laughter” Essay

Ralph Ellison in his essay, â€Å"An Extravagance of Laughter† demonstrated the living condition of black life in the segregated 1930’s. Ellison grew up in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Unfortunately, His father past away when he was only three. He lived with his mother and brother in absolute poverty, but always believe that he could overcome the limits of racial prejudice. Throughout the years, Ellison fell in love with Africa-American music (Jazz). He played Trumpet and thought himself Louis Armstrong solos. For Ellison and many other blacks in the south, personal choice (privileges) was something they were lacking. He states, â€Å"you lived in a Negro neighborhood because you were forced to do so, and because you preferred living among those of your own background. Which was easy to answer, because having to experience life in a mixed neighborhood as a child, I preferred to live where people spoke my own version of the American Language; and where misreading of the tone or gesture were less likely to ignite literal conflict† (Ellison 145). By this, people did not have any choice about where they live. At times, They preferred to live among those of their own background just because they did not want to deal with inferiority. Imagine living in a place were you were not wanted, and where people were aggravating you and your family from day to day. People really do not want to deal with negative attitudes and they certainly will not live around it. Many people believe it’s m ore comfortable to live around people with the same background as they are. By doing so, it’s easier to understand each other’s view about a certain point. Not only they were forced to live in places they did not want to live; public transportation was places of hallucinations for Negroes. Once their fares were deposited, they were sent straight to the rear. During such time, both the driver and white folks tormented them. Imagine the type of pushing and shoveling that occurred. Such dramatic and inconsiderate attitude can cause horrible effects on a pregnant woman. Getting push on a moving bus is very dangerous. After all the disappointments in the south, an old hero and friend, Langston Hughes invited Ellison, to be his guest at a Broadway theater. The play, â€Å"Jack Kirkland’s dramatization of Erskine Caldwell’s famous novel Tobacco Road† left a great impression on him. The comedy and the â€Å"extravagance of laughter† told Ellison many things about himself. â€Å"I couldn’t have put it into words at the time, but by forcing me to see the comedy in Jeeter Lester’s Condition and allowing me to react to it in an interracial situation without the threat of physical violence, Caldwell told me something important about who I was† (Ellison 171). As we can see, the author was in a â€Å"safe house† and he mentioned how the play made him a better person, and how he became a more tolerant American. The play helped him to deal with the horrible experiences that he encountered in the south. In the south, there were no contests because the white man always won; where as in the north, survival of the fittest was the issue. It gave him a chance to redeem his self-dignity. The moment of laughter was the point when a change occurred in Ellison’s life. He produced a new drama in the theater when he started laughing. Once his laughing got going, it was a germ that affected many people. This play allowed Ellison to understand his role in the American society. By doing so, it helped him to remember the important part, which is not to think about racism, but to think about race in conjunction to the south, and New York. Ellison’s experience in learning to be a New Yorker was something he never forgets. He states, â€Å"Madam, all you had to do was risk the slight possibility that I just might be a gentleman. Because if you had, I would have been compelled to step aside† (Ellison 144). From this quote, we can all see the meaning into the author’s words. In the south, it would be required for a black person to get up and offer their seat to a white one. Nevertheless, They were in New York, and Laws did not recommend such thing. The lady got herself into a shuffle with him and fortunately he won. It’s that aggressiveness that caused Ellison to retaliate and not offer her the seat. For Ellison, The notion of â€Å"imagined communities† (Benedict Anderson) as Pratt says came about his experiences. This illustrated the inner self-esteem that he had to reach within himself to bring out to society. He gathered up all his experiences from the south and those he acquired from  New York to stand up for himself and not to let society destroy it. One way to connect Pratt’s observation about the â€Å"contact zone† and â€Å"safe houses† with Ellison’s feeling that he was on a journey without a map is to connect both authors’ points of view, and how they tried to persuade their readers. Ellison States, â€Å"This made for a constant struggle over the nature of reality, in which each group probed and sparred as they tried to determined the other’s true motives and opinions† (Ellison 160). This quote indicates that people should drop their mask and try to put their differences aside to connect with one another. We must retrieve our logical inspiration, and break the barriers of stupidity. In her essay, â€Å"Arts of the Contact Zone,† Pratt observed how society must get rid of racism, and destroys the shadow of ignorance. She states, â€Å"meanwhile, our job in the American course remains to figure out how to make that crossroad the best site for learning that it can be† (Pratt 541). She demonstrated many ways to develop social and intellectual differences. She stressed the importance of what we came to call â€Å"safe house,† which are places that groups can constitute as communities. Pratt stated the way to comprehend communication and behavior is through common rules that must be shared. She mentioned how different personalities interpret a common rule. In her essay, Guaman Poma’s unread masterpiece and Benedict Anderson’s theory of â€Å"imagine communities† demonstrated her argument. These examples are part of what someone should strongly focus on to understand their cultures as well as others. As both authors Stated, Our position in relation to the issue of â€Å"contact,† â€Å"safety,† â€Å"mapping† and â€Å"community is very important. First, Ellison mentioned, â€Å"And just as Henry James felt it prudent to warn Americans against a â€Å"superstitious elevation of Europe,† Negro folklore with its arrays of survival strategies warned me against an overvaluation of white pretensions. And despite their dominance and low opinion of Negro intelligence, white suspected the presence of profound reservations even when Negroes were far less assertive than they are today† (Ellison 160).  Throughout this essay, It’s clear that racism played a big part throughout society. The above statement mentioned how whites were looking down at Negroes. Even with their greatest efforts, Negroes were still underestimated.

Southwest Airlines

Southwest Airlines is a passenger airline based out of Dallas, Texas that provides air transpiration throughout the United States. Southwest is currently the 6th largest U. S. airline based on revenue. It currently has more than 3,100 flights in 73 cities, making it the largest U. S. carrier passenger airline. They provide good options, such as early check-in, hotel packages, car rental, and free luggage up to two bags, which are one of their techniques to provide bad news to the customers. Summary: Southwest Airlines is the largest carrier in the United States and they get the high satisfaction ratings of the country’s best customer service providers from business week’s ranking. The reason why they can do so is that they contain good policies for the customers. For example, a case in St. Louis, an ice storm had stocked the plane for several hours. The flight attendants and pilots walked through the plane like usual, trying to answer questions that customers had and they provided the information for the passengers about connecting flights. Passengers who were on the flight were surprised by the letter they got after few days. They got a free round-trip flight. Fred Taylor is a senior manager of proactive customer communications who has a daily meeting with his department to talk about the problems that may happen and develop the methods to minimize them. For example, Southwest Airlines use twitter to send the information and official announcements for their customers. If passengers know more about the policies, it helps them a lot. The other part of Fred Taylor’s job is to deliver bad news and responding to customer’s complaint. According to the article (2011), Fred Taylor says that â€Å"it’s not something we had to do. It is something we feel our customers deserve. † He writes about 20,000 apology letters to passengers in a year. The letters have his direct phone number and many of them include a free flight voucher. The motto of Southwest Airlines is â€Å"share the spirit† and they do what they say. Course concepts: Bad News disappoints, Irritates, and sometimes angers the receiver, such messages must be written carefully. The Bad feelings associated with disappointing news can generally be reduced if the receiver: A) Knows the reason for the rejection. B) Feels that the news was delivered sensitively C) Believes that the matter was treated seriously and fairly While many people may claim to prefer directly delivered bad news, the source cannot be said in a particular situation. For example, if those people are directly responsible for the situation resulting in the bad news, they may not be so found of hearing it directly. Or if the bad news is personally serious and damaging, they may prefer a buffer Again this comes to the first phase of the writing process: assessing and analyzing both the situation and audience. Once this is done, it will be clear whether to deliver bad news directly and indirectly. Using the indirect strategy is a smart way to lessen the blame and the importance of negative news. However, there are still possibilities of negative ramifications. If, for example the sender takes too long to finally deliver the main point the recipient can be aggravated. The key to delivering news effectively knows the audience. For example, some people prefer direct communication for the good news and the bad, while others prefer indirect and good communication skills. In dealing with delivering bad news, the 3*3 writing process still maintains its purpose and assistance. In the prewriting phase of the writing process (phase1) the aspects include 3 As: analysis, anticipation, and adaptation. In completing this phase, the writer determines that a negative message must be sent how the news will be received, and how to appropriately draft that message. Third, aspect(Adaptation) that the choice between direct and indirect messages comes to play. Even though it may seem impossible to make the receiver happy when delivering negative news, it is possible to reduce bad feelings and resentment by the use of a buffer, a buffer is a device used to reduce shock or pain. The following are various buffer possibilities A) Start with the part of the message that represents the best news. B) Show that the reader is important and cared. C) Provide objective information that introduces the bad news. The most important aspects of delivering negative messages are explaining the reasons and how to increase the benefits. In developing audience benefits and building goodwill, we should increase new value and better features, make it more efficient or make customers’ lives easier. Southwest got high performance from USA airlines services. When flight was delayed, Southwest Airlines will inform their customer directly by appropriate ways. Moreover, Southwest Airlines will give promo code discount or free one-way tickets when any flight was cancelled. Therefore, customers feel happy and satisfied even when they face the problem because they have another thing to compensate such as give cards, cash back, VIP cards, and so on. Moreover, Southwest Airlines will offer more options that make each customer more convenient. When customers reserve the tickets and then they have a late flight. Southwest Airlines provides the option that customers can fly early if another flight is available. â€Å"Customers will hear an announcement in the gate area and will be able to purchase an available [early] boarding position via credit card from a customer service agent,† Furthermore, this option is useful because Southwest Airlines got positive feedback back from the customers. From my real experience, I am one of the loyal customers who traveled with Southwest Airlines. In addition, this Airlines always has a good deal when I would like to travel somewhere in the United States. So, Southwest Airlines is the best choice for me not only they offered cheap tickets, but also provided free two luggage promotion. The last time I chose Southwest Airlines, my flight was delayed because of bad weather. Unfortunately, I also missed the next flight that I actually had to transfer to. Nevertheless, Southwest Airlines tried to find another flight for me. Furthermore, Southwest Airlines paid me for the hotel, meals, and cash back during I was in New York. According to this experience, I always choose Southwest Airlines no matter how expensive I have to spend. In conclusion, Southwest Airlines knows how to respond and handle unpredictable problems, and inform its customers directly with proper ways. From the above reasons, Southwest Airlines is one of the successful airlines company in the US.

Advanced Management Essays

Advanced Management Essays Advanced Management Essay Advanced Management Essay Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft 1) The Nature of Management (CH 1 7) 1. 1) W hat is management? ? Getting things done with/thru people – Mary Parker Follet ? Has certain principles and guidelines ? A combination of practice and theory ? Apply theory ? Practice without theory is limited by experience ? W hat is good in the past experience may not be good for the present time or future ? Knowledge with practice make a better manager ? Today’s definition of management is more technocrat. ? â€Å"Management is what managers do† Dr Lourdes. Managers manage and responsi ble for the work of others ? Does management matter? ? Good vs bad management ? Historically management is learned thru practice ? To run organization better ? More complex issues today ? Involves managing a lot of money ? Global competition. ? More challenging environment ? Application of management skills depends on individual ? Mintzberg – management mus be practised to be effective manager. ? Mismanagement issue ? Companies and government fail because of poor management 1. 2) W hat do managers do? Peter Drucker and tasks of manag ement. ? Peter Drucker define management by the tasks the managers do. . Set objectives 1. determine what objectives, goals 2. Organizes 1. analyze the activities, decisions and relations needed. 2. Classify work and divide into managable jobs. 3. Then group the jobs into org structure. 4. Then select people 3. Motivate communicate 1. Make a team, thru own practice, relation, 2. people decision on pay, placement promotion 3. thru constant communications with superiors and subordinates 4. Measurement 1. Establish yardstik to measure performance 2. Analyse, appraise and interpret performance 3. Communicate the meaning of the measurements 5. Develop people including himself 10 Managerial Roles of managers (Mintzberg) – p21, Ex 1. 7 ? Information processing roles 1. M onitor – seek and receive info, scan reports maintain personal contacts 2. Disseminator – forward info to other org members, send memos make calls 3. Spokeperson – transmit info to outsiders thru speechs, memo reports ? Decision-making roles 1 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft 4. Entrepreneur – initiate improvement projects, identify new ideas delegate idea responsibilities 5. Disturbance handler take corrective actions during disputes crisis, resolve conflicts . Resource Allocator – decide who gets resources, schedule, budget, set priorities 7. Negotiator – represent dept during negotiation of union, sales, purchase, budget ? Interpersonal roles 8. Figurehead – perform ceremonial duties. Visitors, signing legal docs 9. Leader – direct and motivate subbordinates, train, counsel communicate 10. Liaison – maintain info link both inside and outside o rgs; use email, calls, meeting ? Mintzberg – typical activity patterns in managerial work ? Pace of work is hectic and unrelenting ? Content of work is varied and fragmanted. Doing a lot of things in one time. ? Many activities are reactive. Many problems are n ot planned. ? Interactions often involves peers or outsiders ? Horizontal interaction ? Outsiders – suppliers, government ? Networking activities ? Many interactions involve oral communications ? Phones more than emails/mails ? Decision processes are disorderly and poli tical ? Not systematic, not rational, practical limitation ? Political in nature ? Most plannings are informal and adaptive ? Short term planning decision ? Adaptive to situation around the company ? Making small changes ? The effective executive (Drucker) – p65 . Tasks of management: 1. Sets objectives / mission / goals / targets 2. Organize / plan 3. Motivate communicate ? Shared with employees 4. Measure performance ? Analyze, appraise, interpret performance 5. Develop people ? The effective Executive: ? Able to achieve organizational goal ? W e are not born to be effective but can be learned ? Manage time well ? Fighting well ? Make effective decision ? Concerned with results and not work. Not micro -manage. Management by exception ? Set priorities. Concentrate on things that matters. Identify critical factors for success ? Build on strength 2 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft 2) The Evolution of Management Thought (CH 2) 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 The practice of management 1)Historical view The study of management 1)Drucker’s book â€Å"The Practice of Management† (1954) 2)Father of the study of management Schools of Management 1)Classical School ? Fredric Winslow Taylor – Scientific Management 1. Put a system to manage factory 2. Time motion study 3. Find a solution to motivate people to increase outpot 4. Study work productivity and efficiency 5. Ergonomics – physical environment conducive to work 6. W ork simplification ? Problems/weaknesses ? No input on human aspects ? Treat humans like machines Carrot-and-stick approcah to motivation ? Saw management as a science ? Found one best way to manage people – as law of science ? Henri Fayol – French mining engi neer ? Administrative principles ? More interested in how to manage an organization ? Identify functions of management. 14 general principles of mgmt ? Division of work ? Increase production by deviding work ? Authority and responsibility ? Manager must have authority ? Discipline ? Rules proccedures in organization ? Unity of command ? One employee reports to one boss ? Unity of direction ? One person one plan to decide activities to achieve org goal ? Subbordination of individual interest to the general interest ? Org interest first before employee’s own interest ? Remuneration ? People must be rewarded fairly ? Centralization ? Stike a balance between centralization vs decentralization ? Scalar chain ? Chain of comman from org chart is clear ? Order ? Rules, regulation procedures are in place ? Equity ? People are treated fairly. ? Stability of tenure of personnel ? People feel secure in employment 3 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft ? Initative ? Encourage creativity and innovation ? Esperit de corps Develop feeling of oneness or unity in org ? Criticism of Fayol ? Did not provide explanation on di fferent situation ? No empirical studies. Based on his experience. ? Tying to apply scientific approach to management ? W eber – German Sociologist. p36 ? Talk about structure and idea on Bureaucracy ? Interested in how to get a lot of people to work t ogether ? Charecteristics of Weberian Bureaucracy ? Division of labor with clear definition of authority and responsibility ? Positions organised in hierarchy of authority ? Managers subject to rules and procedures to ensure reliable behavior ? Management separate from ownership o f org Administrative acts and decisions recorded in writing ? Personnel selected and promoted based on technical qualification ? Criticisms ? Did not appreciate the social contex of work and needs of workers ? Did not acknowledge variance among individuals ? Regard workers as uninformed and ignore their ideas/suggestions. 2)Human Relation School – reaction to Classical school 1)Mayo Hawthorne Studies ? Professor Elton Mayo and Fritz Rocthlisberger ? Done in Hawthorne plant at the Western Electric Co in Chicago ? Study the lighting effects ? Control the lights and outputs of workers are measured ? Increased lighting, increase productivity Reduced lighting but productivity still increase ? Change the supervisor ? Human Relation Theory ? Self motivation theory ? Feeling of beign recognised as a person ? Treat people as people ? Human environment ? Company culture -humanities 3)Behavioral School – p404 1)Behavior of organizations: individual, group, organizational unit ? Experiment –how group functions? ? Individual in group is controlled by the group. Gro up think. ? Conformance – underperform or overperform ? Study of organizational behavior – why certain org behaves certain ways ? Treating people, move away from structure/functions Pyychologists sociologists study ? How to influence behavior? ? W hat motivate people? ? Personalities ? Perception of peoples 4 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft ? Leadership ? Behavior in org ? Individual ? Group ? Organizational unit 4)Social Systems School –Systems Approach. p45 46 ? W hat is a system? A set of interrelated parts that functi ons as a whole to achieve common purpose/goals. ? Performance of a system is greater than the sum of the parts ? S = A + B + C + D ? Synergy – because of the interactions between components. Organization is a systems. ? Parts = people + structure + policies + skills + stratergies of the companies ? The parts become the output of the organization ? To improve the performance of org ? Holistic approach – study the environment ? Looking into people + structure + policies + skills + stratergies of the companies ? A system can be Open or Close systems ? Close system – within boundry ? Open system – PEST Environment comes in (Political, Economic, Social Technology) ? Environments = political, culture, government policies, suppliers, legal, economies. ? Social System School – people is crucial factor )Decision Making School 1)Simon ? Look at oll the above elements ? Decision making behavior ? Unit of analysis – something is the core of the study ? Before you act, you decide ? Reductionist 3) Organizations – (CH10) 3. 1) W hat is an organization? ? Defined by characteristics ? A group of people working together to achieve common objective ? Structure ? Distribution of work, responsibility and authority ? System and processes ? How work to be done? ? Evaluatin system? ? Reward system? 3. 2) The formal organization and its characteristics ? Org charts ? Pictorial representation 3. 3) The informal organization Strategy followed by structure ? Does not follow the approved structure 5 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft 3. 4) 3. 5) 3. 6) 3. 7) 4) ? Informal leader – knowledge based ? Communication ? Grapevine Organizational design ? Function departmentalization ? Product ? Area ? Process ? Customer ? Matrix – p238 – not unity in command ? Divisional ? Multidomestics eg Msia, Thailand Singapore ? Transnational – value chain Organ izational structure ? Level ? Authority – parity principle. Authority to make decision ? Accountability ? W ork Responsibilities ? Control ? Communication ? Unity of command New forms of organization ? Delayering – flat management ? Boundryless ? Decentralization ? Team management – p285 ? Virtual organization – p286 ? Network organization No one best form of organization ? W ays of looking at organization 1. As Economic system (mechanistic) 1. Resources come from outside ? process them to produce goods ? output sold to market (make profit) 2. As Social system (organic cultural) 1. People oriented like a living system. Organic cultural. 3. As Political system (power) Managing and Motivating People – (CH16) 4. ) How to motivate and manage people? ? No recipe for managing people. People treated as resource. Now people treated as capital – as a mean to an end. ? Depends on how we percieve people. ? Org should exist for the people ? Argument à ¢â‚¬â€œ manager want to achieve the goal of the org and not the goal of the people 4. 2) Some motivation theories: ? The â€Å"economic man† (Taylor) – Carrot-and-stick theory ? Taylor ? â€Å"man is selfish†. Self interest. Economic theory. 6 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft ? ? ? ? Financial reward, piece-meal. Give more to motivate people. Maximize limited resources Interested in productivity, efficiency, work structure and process Man is economic being. ? Positive – Man responds to reward (carrot) ? Rewards ? Promotion ? Kind words ? Recognition ? Negative – Man wants to avoid pain (stick) ? If not performing to expectation: ? Transfer to other dept ? W arning ? dismissal ? Criticisms / Limitations ? Taylorism is not the right way to treat people ? W hy some people are excited to work when they are not paid the highest? ? W hen people are satisfied money is less impo rtant as motivator. ? According to Maslow peole have different levels of needs ? Only works for certain people motivated by financial reward ? Carrot / rewards are limited ? How to distribute reward? ? Need to distribute fairly. ? The â€Å"social man† (Mayo). p468 ? Emphasis on rewarding people in a group ? Relationship is important ? The â€Å"psychological man† (Maslow, McClelland). Need as motivators. P472. Ex 16. 2 1. The hierarchy of needs ? Psychological – food, water, oxygen ? Safety – ? job security, freedom, work benefits ? lifelong employment – a Japanese idea is now abandoned ? American – hire fire concept ? Belongings – family, group ? Esteem – approval, recognition ? Motivation by Promotion ? Best employee of the month ? Open recognition ? Given a secretary, room, computer, car ? Self actualization – education, religion, hobby 2. Individuals have certain needs that are inherent or natural 3. Man is psychological being and has different needs . 4. Once a need is met or satisfied, that ne ed will no longer be as motivator 5. Only unmet needs are motivators 6. Underlining motive of the manager is to influence the individual behavior ? To be more productive ? affect the productivity of org 7 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft ? Find ways to influence behavior ? If economy ? then use carrot-and-stick method 7. Criticism of Maslow ? No empirical research ? Theory is based on experiments ? Not proven ? Only practical value (make sense) ? Limitation ? Because arranged in hierarchy ? In actual situation it is possible to have many needs at the same time and not in particular order ? Eg. When laid off – people are willing to take any job ? People are also motivated by beliefs and value rateher than needs 8. McLelland’s 3 needs ? predominently used to see wher an individual can function well in a job. ? Simplify the needs Need for achievement – RD, CEO jobs ? Need for affiliation – social need – NGO job, PR job ? Need for power – political jobs, big org jobs 9. Psychologist vs. Sociologist ? Psychologist – study individuals ? Personality of individuals ? Measurement – Myers Briggs. 6 major types of personality ? Maslow, McCllelland, Hertzberg, McGregor and Vr oom ? Sociologist – study people in a group ? Unit of analysis ? what are you studying? ? Unit of analysis in Sociology is group ? Study society – eg Hawthorn study. Group behavior, group norms, team conflicts, teambuilding. ? Study culture 10. Political scientists Unit of analysis is power ? W ho makes the key decision ? Monopoly of power ? Access to reward ? Punish others 11. Anthropologist ? Org exists within culture ? Examine organizational culture ? Value of culture ? Interaction ? Org built to last 2. The hygiene theory (Hertzberg), intrinsic vs extrinsic rewards. P471, 482, 487 1. Referred to as 2 factor theory ? motivators vs dissatisfiers ? Motivators ? Achievements ? Recognitions ? W ork itself ? Importance of job as motivator 8 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft ? Look at the job content Is it challenging, exciting as motivator? ? Concept of job design, job enlargement, job enrichmen t ? Personal growth ? Dissatisfiers ?. people become unhappy ? W orking conditions ? Pay and security ? Pay is dissatisfier if not enough ? Hertzberg does not treat money as motivator ? Supervisors ? Interpersonal relationship 2. Disagreement to Hertzberg theory ? Salary is only treated as dissatisfier and not as motivator ? Maybe tru in western culture ? In Asian society, salary is still the motivator. Money is important motivator ? W orking condition ? improving working condition is not enou gh to motivate people 3. Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic rewards ? Intrinsic The work must be rewarding ? Extrinsic – reward from outside the job 4. Two ways to manage people – theory X and theory Y (McGregor) – p42 1. 2 styles of management assumptions 2. Theory X ? People born irresponsible, basically lazy if let alone will not perform ? People need to be motivated ? People will not take responsibility of their own ? Close supervision is necessary 3. Theory Y ? People can take challange, can work on their own 4. Styles of Management – Theory X manager ? Negative assumption on people ? Strong leadership ? Micro manage ? Put in procedures and systems No empowerment 5. Styles of management – Theory Y Manager ? Participative styles of management ? Decentralization ? Empowerment ? 2 way communication 6. People respond to the styles of management ? Behave in accordance to the style of management ? Self fulfilling prophecy 7. Theory Z – Onuchi ? A combination of American and Jap anese elements ? In theory x people become lazy, become useless and become unperformed ? In theory Y people develop positive attitude and fulfill the assumption 5. Expectancy theory (Vroom). F=E x V. P476 1. F = force of motivation 2. E = expectency 9 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft 3. V – value (the desired result) 4. The way employee will behave is dependent on the belief of ability to do work 5. F = hardwork (E) x promotion (V) ? here this company believes that by hardwork will lead to promotion. 6. The employee’s motivation depends on how the employee value promotion. 7. Or promotion is important to him but hardwork will not lead to promotion. 8. The significant is what is his belief or expectation. If he belief from the past experience that the effort does not meet the outcome then he is not motivated. ? Managing knowledge workers . KW are highly skillful, not loyal, achievement oriented, mobile 2. More motivated by McClelland motivational theory 3. Respond to theory Y manager 4. Vs manual worker who are more suitable for Taylor’s carrot -and-stick theory ? Managing workforce in diversity ? MNCs have workforce of different nationalities, cultural backgrounds, edu cation, religions etc ? The workforce has different value system, expectation due to cultural difference ? The people look at problems differently, approach problem differently. ? The benefits of solving are also different 1. 2) Managing constructive contention (Pascale) ? Book – Managing the Age How to manage to avoid conflict – for harmony? ? Pascal – such an org is not the right org for 21st century ? Conflist must be built into the system ? Don’t take conflict as negative ? Manager must be able to use conflict (disagreement in solving problem) ? Order disorder ? In Search of Excellence book – Peter Drucker 1. Many excellent companies have chaos 2. Peter Drucker use word Abandonement 3. He said in every 3 years the leaders must step back and ask â€Å"are we dong the right thing? If not then abandon. ? Jack Welch – ex CEO of GE asked Drucker’s question â€Å"If you weren’t already in this business, would you enter it toda y† Drucker – org must create environment for constructive contention for people to come forward with constructive ideas. 1. 3) Managing global workforce ? Fortune 500 companies ? Complicated – different time zone, decentralization, cultural difference 1. 4) Managing individual differences personalities. P413, 414, 415, 418 ? Certain things are common but are different in certain ways. It is a perceptual world. ? Depends on our background ? People are different and to be manage differently ? It is tough to manage individual differently because they want different things. ? Their personalities are also different Myers Briggs Type indicators ? Personality traits test ? W hat are the personality traits of employees? 10 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft ? ? ? ? ? 5) 16 different personalities If we know Mr. X is type Y personality then we know how to manage him. Attitude, values, perception 5 big pe rsonality factors 1. Extrovision 2. Agreeableness 3. Concientness 4. Emotional stability 5. Opennes to experience Holland’s personality Job Fit. p487 Giving meaning to work through engagement Type of personality characteristics 1. Realsitic Prefer physical activities that require skills, strength and coordination ? Eg. Job – mechanic, drill press operator, assemb ly line worker, farmer 2. Investigative ? Prefer activities involving thinking, organizing understanding ? Eg. Job economist, mathematician, news reporter 3. Conventional ? Prefer helping developing others ? Job – social worker, teacher, counselor 4. Enterprising ? Prefer verbal activities to influence and attain power ? Lawyer, PR, Business manager 5. Artistic ? Prefer ambiguous and unsystematic activities ? Job – painter, musician, writer Leadership 5. 1) W hat is organizational leadership? Many levels of leaders in org 5. 2) Is leadership important for organizational performance? Does lead ership matter? ? Jim Collins – book Built to Last ? From good to great ? Characteristics of lasting org ? 12, 13, 15 year everage lifespan ? Fortune 500 – average 50 years ? Culture, values, system, strategy ? Downplay leadership ? Accept idea that leaders do matter ? Called level 5 leadership. P436 ? Drucker does not play down leadership ? Does not differentiate leaders and managers ? A good manager will do all the good things a good leader will do ? A good manager is not necessarily a good leader W arren Benis / John Kotter – Success can be quantified ? At least 15% of success is attributed to leadership. Quoted by Buckingham 5. 3) Leadership studies: ? Traits – what traits leaders should have 11 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft 1. 1) 5. 4) 5. 5) 5. 6) 6) ? Behavioral approach – styles of leadership ? Leadership styles and behaviors: There is no one effective leadership. Depend ing on situation and readiness of the people. ? Autocratic ? Democratic ? Laissez-faire – manager does not want to decide ? Bureaucratic 1. Role oriented, process oriented 2. More manager than leader ? Transactional 1. Manager who do not establish long term relationship 2. Event oriented ? Transformational 1. Introduce major changes 2. Revolutionizing, moving to new direction ? Theory X ? Theory Y ? Task oriented vs. People oriented– p445. Ex15. 6 1. Task oriented – getting work done 2. People oriented – relationship is important 3. Mouton’s managerial grid 1. The Leadership Grid 2. Country Club management 3. Authority compience ? Idealistic Leadership style – team management ? Impoverished management ? Ethical leadership – principle-centered. Situational / Contingency leadership (Fiedler) –p446, 447, 448, 449 ? Fiedler – depends on the contongency of the situation 1. Under certain situation people oriented leader is better 2. Under certain situation task oriented leader is better ? Situation: Favorable vs. Unfavorable 1. 8 situations ? Hersey Blanchard Leadership Sytles ? Based on readiness to take on responsibilities 1. Telling style 2. Selling style 3. Participating style 4. Delegating style Leadership styles and organizational life cycles. Leaders and managers – similarities and differences. P442 ? Buckingham – Leaders are concerned about the future ? Establish the purpose ? Rally people to follow the leader Managers do things right ? Leaders do the right things Impact of culture on leadership – what is expected of leaders in different cultures (Hofstede) – p105 Problem Solving and Dicision Making (CH9) 12 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft 6. 1) Decision making as a key managerial tas k (Simon) ? Decision making is a choice from 2 or more available alternatives that have uncertain consequences 6. 2) The decision making process: ? Define the decision problem ? Seek alternative solutions ? Evaluate the alternatives ? cost benefit analysis Select / decide on the â€Å"best† alternative (quantitative and qualitative analysis) ? Implement the alternative selected ? Review results and take remedial actions 6. 3) The premises of decisions: ? Facts ? Values/beliefs 6. 4) Limitations of rational decision making ? Information – not enough ? Analysis ? Assumptions ? Value and cultures ? Context – surronding circumstances ? Personaliy of decision maker 6. 5) Concept of â€Å"bounded† rati onality. P243 ? People have limits or boundries on how rational they can be ? Within that boundry, how do we improve the rationality? ? By adapting certain decision models 6. ) W hat is â€Å"good† decision? 6. 7) Some decision models ? Rational-comprehens ive model ? Incremental model (Lindblom, Quinn) ? List all the alternatives ? Look for alternative that is minimum in incrementally difference ? Don’t choose the alternative that is too far from current process ? Least risk ? Satisficing model (Herbert Simon) – p243 ? First set criteria for your solution ? Choose good enough decision 6. 8) Group decision making – pros and cons ? Group think (no disagreement) vs. Individual think (fast – after consulting people) 6. 9) Decision making styles: ? Telling ? Selling ? Participation ? Delegating ? Likert-System 1-4 Utocratic ? Participative – Japanese style. Support the dicision 13 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft 7) Managing Change and Innovation 7. 1) Organization as open social systems ? Org has to innovate because of external influences such as globalization, turbulence and competition. Forces come from environment a nd from withi n the organization. Customer wants better customer service, better products and cheaper price. ? Innovation is completely new way organizing the traditional process, and change the way of life or the way society works. North Korea is a closed system that the leader’s decision to purchase arms does not alter the social system ? China, although a communicat, is pro-capitalist today that they are open social system 7. 2) Need to evolve and adapt to environmental changes (organic model) ? Organization as a living system ? Organic vs mechanistic ? Capacity to adapt to the environment ? Business fails becaus fail to adapt to the environment 7. 3) Role of leadership in organizational change (change agent) ? Anyone in organization can initiate change (Japanese idea) ? Quality Circle and Lean Production concept ? Leaders as major change agents. Give direction to change. ? Manager mantian change 7. 4) Nature of change: ? Evolutionary / incremental – small changes every day ? Revolutionary / transformational – eg new governement in power ? Planned – experiement the new way of doing business. Decided by management. ? Emergent – emerge from within/below organization 7. 5) The change process: ? Kurt Lewin’s model. p320 1) Unfreeze – remove, abandon, destruction 2) Change – bring in new processes, implement change, commi t to the change 3) Refreeze – maintain the commitment to the new process ? Criticism ? Problem with 3rd step – Refreeze. Works in stable society. . In turbulent environment (current) or not stable environment – so many factors cannot be done. 2. Environment is fluid and adaptive 3. Those who do not adapt will be left behind 4. American org is operating in â€Å"white waters† 5. The concept of stability will not work 6. Org are ruthless/c haos and constantly moving ? Force-Field analysys. P324. Ex 11. 7 ? Driving forces – need for change ? Restraining forces – barrier to change ? Build of coalition of people to support change ? Kotter’s model (8 phases) 1. Establish a sense of urgency ? Show people the need for change urgently ? If not the org will die 2. Create coalition 14 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. ? Align with people from inside and outside the org to support change ? The ability to influence people to support (political ability) Develop a clear vision ? Show what are the end results Share the vision ? Shared valued by all in the org ? Must be accepted by the org Empower people to clear obstacles ? Delegate power ? Structure for implementation Secure short-term wins ? Celebrate short wins to keep the excitement ? So people know we are achieving short term targets Showing progress ? Bring enthusiasm and energy to implement change Consolidate and keep moving ? Encouraging people ? Reward people ? Training people Anchor ? Build safeguard to implement ? So the change lasts ? Support the people to ensure change process are implemented/ continued ? Institutionalise the change ? Make it part of the org process, routine, practice 7. 6) Resistance to organizational change and innovation. P322 ? Leadership 1. Change implies threat / uncertainty 2. Need to change new knowledge 3. Change may affect people. Restructuring, losing jobs. 4. Will I be the CEO after merger? Organizational culture 1. That is the way we do it 2. That is the value for last 100 years ? Success (good is enemy of great – Jim Collins) 1. Stop to change / innovate 2. Complecency 3. Arrogant 4. Internal decay ? Organizational environment 1. If no competition become complecent 2. Protection policy 7. 7) Concept os â€Å"inflection† point (Andy Grove) ? Andy Groove is founder of Intel ? Book – Only the Paranoids Survive ? Inflection point is the point at which the company is at critical stage of future direction ? Intel was loosing competitiveness to competitors ? Move from microchip mfg to micropocessors mfg Introducing new major change / direction of the company 15 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, Internationa l Edition by Richard L. Daft 7. 8) Continuous change – learning organization (Peter Senge) ? Learning companies – 3M, Microsoft, Apple, GE ? Vs. Static companies ? Creative ? Size becomes a problem to learning org ? Interpreneurship ? How do manager create learning org? 1. Abandonment (Drucker) 2. Cannibalizing own product. Peter Sange’s Fifth Discipline 7. 9) Developing the creative organization (OD) Structure the org to increase creativity 1. Delayering 2. Managing KW 3. Attracting talents 4. Human talent management – invest in people 5. Empowerment 6. Reward ideas 7. Diversity in workforce – create constructive conflicts of ideas 8. Creating Knowledge Management system 7. 10) Managing innovation in organizations ? Concept of innovation ? Product – new product development ? Service 1. Banking 2. Retailer – efficient service, fast to replace setup 3. Education – online education 4. Ebusiness concept ? Process – improvement 1. Manufacturing process – Toyota’s JIT and six sigma 2. Banking –faster payment process 3. Mechanization of technology 4. Controlling process ? Business model . The way you do business 2. Dell – sell PC online 3. IBM – sell thru resellers 4. Direct Marketing 5. AirAsia – Low cost carrier ? Sustaining 1. To meet the requirement of the market ? Disruptive (Christensen) 1. Christensen – The Innovator’s Dilemma 2. New technologies emerge t hat change the way society function. 3. Eg. Steam engine, telecommunication, microfinancing. 4. Change the way business is done 5. Eg. Smartphone, mobile marketing ? Innovation and competitive advantage ? Managing innovation ? Can it be managed? 1. Yes. A lot of factors. Structures to manage innovation. 16 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft ? ? ? ? ? ? ? People (talent) Management Organization Corporate culture – culture can be hindrance Closed innovation – innovation comes within the org ? RD Open innovation – from outside the org 1. From customers 2. Suppliers 3. Partners 4. Univesity researchers 5. Different industries Eg. Volvo does not use assembly line 1. Job enrichment 2. Design the job 3. Org development – learning org 4. Create pro-change org ? corp culture 5. Restructure the org 8) Management and Culture ? Is management universal or culture-bound? ? Management principles are common Management tasks that Drucker identified are applied ? But difference depends on the environment ? Affect management style ? Different to manage companies in Asia and US ? Culture, values belief ? Management is culture bound. Management is not neutral. ? Application of management tasks depends on culture ? American generally value s individual performance. ? Value placed on individual ? Reward on individual performance ? Paid according to contribution 1. Carrot-and-stick method ? American value individual freedom ? Japanese generally value group performance ? Performance evaluation is based on the group . Concensus 2. Group relationship 3. Group harmony 4. Individual must be sacrifice for the group ? Islamic managment ? Emphasis on the group ? Belief ? Gender ? Justice ? Knowledge is revealed by God ? Confucian management ? Group ? Respect to elders ? Go behind the doctrin 17 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft ? Chinese ? Autocratic ? Importance of working with people ? Confirming to religous beliefs ? Impact of culture on management (Hofstede) – p105 p80. ? 5 cultural dimensions 1. Power distance – the distribution of power 2. Individualism collectivism 3. Masculinity feminity 4. Uncertainty avoidance 5. Long term orientation ? American values in management theories ? Legislative ? Democratic ? Individual reward ? Asian management (Mendoza) ? W omen treated differently 9) Management Challanges in the 21st Century ? Globalization ? W hat happens to the other part of the world will affect you ? Affect the growth ? Provide unlimited opportunity ? Removal of barriers ? Challanges global economy ? Uncertainty and turbulance ? Because of globalization, changing technology, political turmoil, revolution, property bubble make the world unstable Managers assess the impact and decide whether to enter business in certain countries ? PEST – Political, Economical, Social and Technology ? Economiy – unstable, currency fluctuating, oil price, energy issue ? Social – aspiration of the people, demographic changes ? Technology – new product that makes your product obselete ? Cultural diversity – CH12 ? Future org will be more diverse culturally since people come from different nationality, language religion ? Managing will be a challange ? Global operation, different political system ? Organization structure ? Centralization Reward system ? Knowledge management ? How to manage Knowledge Workers? ? Demand autonomy, no loyalty, more mobile, more participative decision ? Requires new way of managing KW ? Acquisition and alliance (networks) ? New skills for manager – how do I manage merger? ? How to manage network, partners, suppliers? ? How do I relate to them? 18 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft ? Managing technology and innovation ? Company needs to innovate ? Ethics and social responsibility (multiple stakeholders) – CH5 19

Animal Welfare to Animal Rights Spectrum

Animal Welfare to Animal Rights Spectrum Although animal rights and animal welfare frequently fall on the same side of an issue, there is a fundamental difference between the two ideologies: the right of humans to use animals. The Right to Use Animals One of the basic tenets of animal rights is that humans do not have a right to use non-human animals for our own purposes, which include food, clothing, entertainment, and vivisection. This is based on a rejection of speciesism and the knowledge that animals are sentient beings. There are many who believe that humans do have a right to use animals for some purposes, but believe that animals should be treated better. This position is the animal welfare position. Example of Farmed Animals While the animal rights position seeks the elimination of the use of animals, the animal welfare position seeks more humane conditions for the animals. The difference between these two positions can be seen as applied to an issue like farmed animals. While the animal rights position would hold that humans do not have the right to slaughter and eat animals, the animal welfare position would be that the animals should be treated humanely before and during slaughter. The animal welfare position would not object to the consumption of animals but would seek the elimination of cruel factory farming practices such as confining calves in veal crates, confining pregnant sows in gestational stalls, and debeaking chickens. Animal rights advocates also oppose these cruel practices but seek to eliminate the consumption of animals and animal products. Unacceptable Uses To most supporters of the animal welfare position, some uses of animals are unacceptable because the human benefit is minimal compared to the amount of animal suffering involved. These usually include uses like fur, cosmetics testing, canned hunting, and dogfighting. On these issues, both the animal rights position and animal welfare position would call for the elimination of these uses of animals. Animal Issues Spectrum Like many other issues, there is a wide variety of positions on animal issues. One can imagine a spectrum with animal rights at one end, animal welfare in the middle, and the belief that animals do not deserve any moral consideration on the other end. Many people may find that their views do not fit completely in one box or the other or may find that their positions change depending on the issue. Other Terminology A variety of terms is used to describe positions on animal issues. These include animal protection, animal advocacy, and animal liberation. â€Å"Animal protection† and â€Å"animal advocacy† are usually understood to include both animal rights and animal welfare. Both terms embody the belief that animals should be protected and deserve some moral consideration. â€Å"Animal liberation† is usually used to describe an animal rights position, which would oppose any uses of animals for human purposes.